How do you go about working out what size TT bike you need, without recourse to a bike fitting
You don't.
Two things; first, your position could be pretty much anywhere, depending on where the optimal balance between aero and power lies for you personally, something which could also change quite a lot over time. Second, you won't have a clue about where the frame needs to sit until you know which tri bars you like, since the stack height of the handlebar set up could vary by at least a couple of inches between models. If it was easy, people wouldn't be spending £400/hr in the wind tunnel tweaking every little detail.
I need to go 40km at around Mach 7
How many 25 mile time trials have you ridden in the past few years? When do you need to do this performance?
You don't.
Two things; first, your position could be pretty much anywhere, depending on where the optimal balance between aero and power lies for you personally, something which could also change quite a lot over time. Second, you won't have a clue about where the frame needs to sit until you know which tri bars you like, since the stack height of the handlebar set up could vary by at least a couple of inches between models. If it was easy, people wouldn't be spending £400/hr in the wind tunnel tweaking every little detail.
How many 25 mile time trials have you ridden in the past few years? When do you need to do this performance?