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Cable discs should be fine?
Maybe. Depends if the hardware can melt or if the pads are particularly susceptible to heat.
A well set up V brake is a good brake. The pads are massive and there's loads of mechanical advantage in the design, they are simple and they weigh nothing. They didn't stick around on MTBs long because unlike discs they work better when things are clean and dry and when the rim is true.
No, it's heat from the rim that damages the tube, not the increase in pressure. IIRC.
It's a topic of much debate, but discs + tandem = bit of a no no really.
@swedeee third brake leaver I think. It's a drag brake, so probably with a thumb shifter type device with no return spring.