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The caliper is made for a G (or J too if you wanna go finned) and as +edscoble pointed out, B fits but there's a much bigger parallel gap between the caliper and pads which causes rocking or juddering under heavy breaking.
YMMV, B in a G caliper works ok, which is probably why you've not noticed it.
Also, curious why are you using Elvedes pads? Stop gap (pun intended!) during the Shimano factory fire + COVID + Evergreen shortage?
Can't find my G spare pads but this the compatibility list from the J04C.
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Cane Creek is pretty low stack, also have you tried a low stack stem? Kalloy Uno are pretty decent for not a lot of money.
Or you can get a slam the stem cover from +gbj_tester if you wanna try to use your current headset.
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Depends.
Got photos of the frame and BB? What frame material? Also, what tools were used?
For stucked BBs I usually secure the BB tool with a Pedros tool, spanner of your your choice and a cheater bar.
Then hot water on the BB shell, leave it for 5 minutes and push down hard, hold it and increase torque.
Do not be tempted to yank at it, the key is to keep the pressure on and increasing it.
Might be obvious but what threading is the frame?
My favourite combo is a Park Tool BB tool, Park tool cheater bar, the aforementioned Pedros tool, a Brompton seatpost for extra leverage and hot water, have not been defeated yet.
If you're in London, drop me a PM and I'll be happy to give it a go.
Size of the cut matters and I've used old tyres sidewalls as a boot, stuck on with rim tape and it held well.