I can't find an image of the Nitto box with their measuring diagram, but it's this:
With the Pearl you end up with a 'trad' measurement about a centimetre longer than the specced measurement (i.e., Pearl 10 is more like 11cm, Pearl 9 more like 10cm). It might be that other manufacturers measure their stems in the same way, perpendicular from the centre of the steerer, even on ahead stems.
I can't find an image of the Nitto box with their measuring diagram, but it's this:
With the Pearl you end up with a 'trad' measurement about a centimetre longer than the specced measurement (i.e., Pearl 10 is more like 11cm, Pearl 9 more like 10cm). It might be that other manufacturers measure their stems in the same way, perpendicular from the centre of the steerer, even on ahead stems.