12 mm nipples have 4 mm of unthreaded hole, 7 mm of thread up to the bottom of the slot and 1 mm more to the top of the slot. Spokes usually have 9.5 to 10 mm of thread.
Longer nipples are primarily for deep section rims that short nipples wouldn't stick far enough out of to turn with a spoke key. Depending on brand some have just the same length of thread inside, and some gain 1mm of thread for every 2mm extra length.
So they will leave less spoke thread visible, but they may not increase the length of thread to thread engagement.
12 mm nipples have 4 mm of unthreaded hole, 7 mm of thread up to the bottom of the slot and 1 mm more to the top of the slot. Spokes usually have 9.5 to 10 mm of thread.
Longer nipples are primarily for deep section rims that short nipples wouldn't stick far enough out of to turn with a spoke key. Depending on brand some have just the same length of thread inside, and some gain 1mm of thread for every 2mm extra length.
So they will leave less spoke thread visible, but they may not increase the length of thread to thread engagement.