Internal would be square taper/octalink/isis like so:
Most are non adjustable and the axle isn't removable. The cranks are tightened against the taper/splines on the axle.
External BB:
The bearings sit outside the BB housing as the name explains. Bigger bearings last longer etc. The cranks are then tensioned directly against the bearing face with the axle running straight through.
Internal would be square taper/octalink/isis like so:
Most are non adjustable and the axle isn't removable. The cranks are tightened against the taper/splines on the axle.
External BB:
The bearings sit outside the BB housing as the name explains. Bigger bearings last longer etc. The cranks are then tensioned directly against the bearing face with the axle running straight through.