We have had over a century of pedals which attempt to place the sole of the foot at or below the axis of rotation, ever since the Ramsey of 1898, and including Shimano DuraAce-AX among others. We've also had about as much time where professional cyclists have had a substantial material interest in exploiting marginal gains from improved equipment. That the market is still totally dominated by pedals which place the sole 10-20mm above the axis suggests to me that the claims of massively increased biomechanical efficiency which always accompany the launch of these zero or negative stack pedals simply don't stand up.
We have had over a century of pedals which attempt to place the sole of the foot at or below the axis of rotation, ever since the Ramsey of 1898, and including Shimano DuraAce-AX among others. We've also had about as much time where professional cyclists have had a substantial material interest in exploiting marginal gains from improved equipment. That the market is still totally dominated by pedals which place the sole 10-20mm above the axis suggests to me that the claims of massively increased biomechanical efficiency which always accompany the launch of these zero or negative stack pedals simply don't stand up.