Equipment recommendation

I am guessing that normally those brakes are meant for wider rims and there isnt as much pivot on a narrow road bike style rim. Is there anything I can do to adjust the positioning of the brakes to increase the strength of the grip?

If you haven't already done so, try rearranging the spacers on the brake pad so that the thicker washer goes between the pad and the brake arm, and the thinner washer goes between the brake pad and the bolt.

The little slot where the brake arm goes on at the pivot, where there are three holes (a balance screw, maybe?), I have it in the middle of three holes.

These holes allow you to change the strength of the return spring (that pulls the pads away from the rim when you're not braking). The higher the hole, the greater the tension.

I have one of those little travel adjuster wheels, but I have a long reach lever (a rik double) so I dont have the cable wrapped around through the hole in the adjuster...

Don't use the travel agent, as this will mess up your cable-pull ratio. Just use a regular V-brake noodle.