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On Eurostar, TGV, ICE etc it just goes on the luggage racks with the normal suitcases. I discovered that Eurostars have bigger racks at one end of the carriage than the other. Some people take bungees to stop a packed bike falling over but I didn't need that.
On my sleeper it was more of an issue as there is less space. I had to take the wheels out so the frame would fit under the bottom bunk and had wheels, which were in cling film, cable tied along the side of my bunk. I'd booked a 2nd class sleeper which was shared as I had no idea what to expect but would go for a 1st class one next time to get more bike space.
I do like trains, it's just when you add the bike it's stress/hassle. There's rarely special space for it so the whole journey is paranoia about people damaging or nicking the bike.
I took trains to RATN which was cool and I trained back from the last TCR I raced (had a Scherrit to deal with my bike which made it much easier) so I'd still use them for sure if I could make it work. I do like a train trip. I came back from Bedford today on the train and it was £18 for a 3 stop train instead of £30 for stopping all stations so I was pretty happy with that.
Oh, we used train to/from An Turas Mor in Scotland and Deano's audaxes. The Scotland train is cool coz your bikes are in their own spot, relatively safe.