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It's a fixed 3 speed Sturmey Archer hub.
I think they existed a long time ago (1950s maybe? Saw one at a jumble once) but I don't believe they were very commun. Then SA re introduced the SX 3 during the "fixie" years. It wasn't cheap, heavy, people were criticising it's ratios, the slack chain feel... It didn't catch. I'm sure there will be peeps on here who would have tried it / have more knowledge...
I got the hub NOS at a really good price on eBay (would not have paid its full cost from where it's still available at, for my use at least). For me it's a last attempt at commuting fixed, given I now live on the other side of a nasty hill... I've already changed sprocket (from 17t to 18t) as it was still too much for me uphill. Good thing is that dedicated sprockets are cheap at SJS Cycles so I bought them all...
Yes, tried it on my commute today for the first time! I'm out of shape (or too old) so will try a bigger sprocket, but otherwise all good!