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The numerals are part of the signature Portugieser design so they kind of have to be there. Cutting off numerals is an aesthetic choice. Jack Forster wrote a thing about it back when he was at Hoodwinkee:
https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/why-cut-off-dial-numbers-exist-and-why-theyre-not-going-anywhere
Essentially, it usually looks more wrong if you replace it with something else, or do the F.P. Journe approach of making the numbers smaller to make them fit (ew). But a lot of it is just because that’s what people did in the past, so it becomes part of the vernacular of watch dials.
Speaking of perpetual calendars, and watches that are too large, I actually quite like the new Portugieser QPs. The dial text (in Helvetica) is acceptable, certainly much better done than JLC or Vacheron.