No. GPS uses a fix on three geo-stationary satellites to calculate your position. Most phones support Assisted GPS which gives a quick fix based on cell tower triangulation, but that’s done simply to speed up the users ability to use their location.
In movies you are meant to snap your phone in half and throw it in a river, but I think the key element is really the sim card
GSM IMSI (SIM) and IMEI (phone) IDs are both available to the network and so also law enforcement. IMEIs with lots of associated IMSIs probably get flagged as interesting.
Isn't it the cell triangulation that does this rather than GPS
In movies you are meant to snap your phone in half and throw it in a river, but I think the key element is really the sim card