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I'm absolutely not a patent lawyer but it seems like a pretty obvious idea from basic engineering principles that a bigger spider would be stiffer, and there are already several crank BCD designs with various known trade-offs, so this design would be obvious to the "skilled person" who designs this sort of thing for a living. So I doubt it meets threshold for an "inventive step".
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it seems like a pretty obvious idea from basic engineering principles that a bigger spider would be stiffer
Not strictly the case, a lot of the direct mount chainrings can be made nice and stiff with less weight as they don't need to fuck around joining the spider too the chainring so the material is in the right place rather than making the interface work (although there's in interface in the centre and that's just what the marketing claims).
https://raketacomponents.com/200-bcd-crankset/
Can you licence or patent a bolt pattern? Surely the idea of 7 bolts in a 200mm diameter circle isnt that unique?