Two ways off the top of my head (so details might be off)
1) in powerquery join the fx rates table to a date table so you end up with every day in the date column with null in the fx rate column where there is no rate for the day. Then apply fill down on the fx rate column
2) in PowerPivot use a formula that tests the fx rate for blank(). If true use calculate to filter the date table joined to the fx table to a suitable date (e.g. the max date less than the current date where fx rate is not blank)
Two ways off the top of my head (so details might be off)
1) in powerquery join the fx rates table to a date table so you end up with every day in the date column with null in the fx rate column where there is no rate for the day. Then apply fill down on the fx rate column
2) in PowerPivot use a formula that tests the fx rate for blank(). If true use calculate to filter the date table joined to the fx table to a suitable date (e.g. the max date less than the current date where fx rate is not blank)