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Mainly by avoiding sleeping where and when they are - near water, etc - and when they are mainly out, ie dusk / dawn.
If I get caught out during the night, I just ignore the little fuckers and hope they don't bite too much. But if I'm really awake, I'll just get up and ride.
It would be different if I was planning a long sleep that involved being in it for dusk or / and dawn. And I wouldn't use a bivvy if I was going somewhere I knew there were lots of mosquitos or midges.
Question; how do you guys deal with mosquitos landing on your face when sleeping in a bivvy bag? I'm thinking about buying a Alpkit Hunka for the summer. I spend some nights in hammocks and this sometimes kept me up at night.