The only sensible answer is road pricing. Black box in every car that reports where and when you drive. Cameras and crushing to catch people that disable the black box.
Maybe some civil liberties problems with that scheme.
I drove my ev to the garage for an MOT today and got the bus home (typically the dad bieke had a puncture). A £2.65 single to travel a mile or so. No wonder people drive everywhere in suburbia.
The only sensible answer is road pricing. Black box in every car that reports where and when you drive. Cameras and crushing to catch people that disable the black box.