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  • The validation comes from the repeatability of the method used. Doing the same test should have the same result. What the result means is separate and in this case it looks to be the results were manipulated and not picked up by the peer review.

  • More specifically the dubious nature was picked up by analysis of the images in the papers. Many scientific papers use doctored images of results to justify their findings.

    See the following article: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01363-z

  • Exactly peer review will only pick up the most blatant fraud as it relies on the presumption that the researcher is acting in good faith

    The whole thing can land up being a bit shit though as like so many things status, money and pride corrupt. My friend in his PhD tried to build on the research of a well respected academic but couldn't get the results he was expecting. He engaged the academic on his original work and they were initially helpful but then just went silent. My friend was forced to reproduce the original experiment to figure out where he was going wrong and surprise surprise, couldn't reproduce the results. Contacted the academic and eventually the original journal, both refused to engage, presumably as they would land up with egg on thier faces.

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