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"Active sonar sends out acoustic sounds, or “pings,” which can reach thousands of yards. If the ping bounces back, that means it hit an object—like a whale, a ship, or another submarine. But stealth subs often avoid active sonar, since the ping could give away their location"
Had to read a little and found an interesting article about a swedish sub that trained with the us fleet for a long time. This was 2005 so long time ago but at this time the conclusion was that the us was not trained in locating and detecting these smaller subs like the Gotland class as the cold war had made the threat about large nuclear subs . The interviewed person in the article concludes that they told the americans that they would have been able to sink ships before they were detected but they us were getting better and better as training and time passed.
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badboybjorn
Modern subs are sneaky as far as passive sonar is concerned. However, I'd assume aircraft carriers and destroyers would be using active sonar as they're not at all sneaky. In which case it should fairly easy to spot an enemy sub approaching.