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Not really considered for single-storey extensions in a typical street setup like your reference diagram with PD rights contradicting your reference diagram, but giving guidance on extension height. Daylight and sunlight measures are definitely considered for taller or two-storey+ extensions.
You do see extensions that taper down to the boundary wall line, and these are often setout by a 45degree line taken from the nearest habitable ground floor window in elevation, or local authority design guidance.
Is the 45ยบ rule of extension size actually enforced? Looking at lots of the ones out my back window I can't see how they pass.