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I imagine what you did was wire the switch line return into the neutral terminal, so you the line went to the switch and back (to the switch on red, back on black), so you essentially put a short circuit in by connecting line to neutral with no load on it.
That’s my guess at least. If I’m replacing a rose or changing a light I make sure to label all the conductors properly, or at least try and bend them in a way that makes it a bit more obvious.
Changing lights and creating a short circuit is an incredibly common mistake that several of my non spark mates have told me about, you’re not alone!
http://www.lightwiring.co.uk/tag/ceiling-rose/