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Checking resistance value over each component with a multimeter. Broken element would usually give you an open loop. And thermostats have a specific resistance they should be, but again open loop wouldn’t be a good sign.
I’ve not done a huge amount of fault finding on boilers and stuff but that’s my basic understanding.
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How do I tell if it's the immersion heating element or if it's the thermostat that is borked in my unvented cylinder?
It's more likely to be the thermostat as this is a switching device with contacts that are making and breaking. It's also the easiest bit to swap.
Mine went recently but used to have a normal and overheat stat (which didn't tip) wired in series with the heating element. The cylinder over temp and over pressure relief valves were functional.Replaced with a combined dual safety unit, just slid into one of the sensor tubes.
https://www.screwfix.com/c/heating-plumbing/immersion-heaters/cat830986
Plumbing questions - How do I tell if it's the immersion heating element or if it's the thermostat that is borked in my unvented cylinder?
And two port zone valves - is there any difference between brands (other than price)?