• In that gear going big to big, does the derailleur cage have any more travel left? Like if you push from underneath will the cage rotate upwards a little more? If so I wouldn't worry about chain length.

    As for the brake cable barrel... Does it pop out of place (upwards) when you push the brake lever? This may well be fixed by changing the cable, because an old/dirty cable can develop such friction that when you squeeze the brake lever the cable barely moves and the barrel has nowhere to go so it just jumps out of its slot.

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