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(Huge knowledge gap alert claxon)
Where is it best to learn more about these? Is there an equivalent of what gsmarena offers for mobile phones? Seems to me it's the kind of subject Google can provide billions of answers around.
It sounds like it'd be best to backup locally on a drive then backup the backup too?
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I don't really understand what you are trying to do but I wouldn't try to backup a Raspberry Pi including the OS.
I'd work on your build/install process (write Raspberry Pi OS to SD card, apt-get install foo, copy config file to /etc/whatever) and then backup the config files and user data to your favourite cloud storage thing.
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I've just used a Windows server so never got into the world of all the different NASs and what the difference is. The PC Tech thread may be able to cast some more light.
I back up to a couple of drives. Nothing is that critical that if the whole thing dies I'll be distraught.
Making whole disk images isn't the most efficient way of doing it. As @jellybaby says it's better to just back up your config files, etc but I create a disk image as I'm lazy. When it dies you just write another image and stick the card in and off you go again. Storage is cheap so I'm not fussed about images being generated every couple of weeks.
I guess the obvious answer is a Pi with a USB drive. There are plenty of other options out there but the one I'm using is about 10 years old so I'm a bit out of date.
So long as you can mount it and it's reasonably quick it shouldn't be an issue.
The backup script that I use creates a disk image that you just write to an SD card if you need it.