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Does this suggest extra material / stiffness?
Well, if it's heavier then there's extra material 🙂
Bars are tapered in both OD and wall thickness, so you'd need a detailed model to see exactly how much stiffer the 31.8 version is. Bear in mind that once you're past the "ferrule", both bars will be the same (~23.8mm) OD and most likely the same wall thickness. Unless you have something like the old Pro Vibe which was 31.8 OD all the way to the first corner, the bending stiffness of a handlebar is going to be dominated by the long grip section, not the short clamping section.
How about these as an example:
Rene herse bars, same bar, different clamp size. The 31.8 is a couple of grams heavier. Does this suggest extra material / stiffness?
[31.8]