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Second one, deliberately so. Third one I consider valid based on personal experience. I can't think of any ride within 50 miles of home which wouldn't be eminently suitable for a 48 tooth chainring and an 11-25 cassette. None of the climbs are steep or long enough to require lower gears, and none of the descents are steep or long enough to require anything higher. Unless you're on a TT bike, in which case replace the 48 with a 54.
Or you're designing a FS MTB and the suspension linkage wants to be in the same place a front mech would be. Or if you're SRAM and can't design a decent front mech. Or if you live in the flatlands so don't need the extra range a second chainring provides.