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From a decorating standpoint it's almost never used. It's not practical to use it in small quantities anyway. Bobbo has covered the usual uses.
For large holes in plaster you use bonding in a thick coat followed by a skim of multi finish plaster. In practice it's easier for a decorator to carry product which can be stored for a long period which will fill a deep hole and dry in 24hrs. Toupret make a few different fillers which do this, if you look at their website they describe the use case including maximum depth.
If filling in holes etc when is it acceptable to use expanding foam? Or better to fill by layering it up