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Sounds like what happened to mine before TCR. Glad it's sorted.
I think mine was due to the shadow derailler mount. It's unsprung so my assumption is I tightened it all up like I would an older style derailler but because I'd not held it back I'd tightened it down when it was in the wrong position or only just on the b-screw lip and after the first shift it slipped and couldn't move. Once I removed it and refitted very slowly and carefully all was well.
It's all a bit odd. Went to get the bike back and was told by the senior mechanic that the mech was broken and he had no idea how to fix it. Gave me a quote to sort it (including new cassette and chain) totalling around 400 euros (parts at Shimano RRP).
Got it home and was going to swap the mech from my other bike to confirm it wasn't the shifter or something like that but decided to see what did work. Turns out it needed a bit of microadjust and it was fine again. I can only assume it was something like the B-screw and he'd refitted the mech after giving up on it as usually he doesn't engage in rip off tactics (insomuch as he doesn't set their eye watering parts prices).
So yeah... no definitive answer but I have a functional bike again.