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The cheapest way to increase motorway capacity, reduce collisions and injuries, reduce fuel consumption, pollution form vehicle component wear and road surface degradation and congestion is to lower the speed limit.
And the best way to enforce it is with average speed cameras as in the road works.
If this had been taken up as an option when the smart motorway concerns were first raised we'd be there by now and have tons of spare road building money spend on segregated urban cycle facility construction.
One 'cheap' way of increasing motor traffic 'capacity' on existing motorways that they came up with was to turn hard shoulders into additional traffic lanes. Here's what happened:
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/jan/26/uks-smart-motorways-to-be-reviewed-after-increase-in-near-misses
Nothing is going to improve until we realise we have to reduce motor traffic capacity.