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Yes.
Need to plan your route in advance, not do it on the fly, whether using tech or not.
My third back-up navigation was a list of towns. If I was relying on it I could easily have fleshed it out into a route sheet to follow.
Paper maps for back-up, annotated beforehand with the route. Cut into strips to reduce bulk.
Trackers are about validation of route - would need marshalls on the parcours - or not have such long parcours.
Could this type of event be done with any reasonable efficiency without the help of any technology?
To have to think and calculate routing while racing . ouch.