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Theoretically, using protracted light-ish braking to heat the pads and distribute material evenly over the rotor, to increase bite and prevent grabby spots/pulsing.
Seems less important with modern pads/brakes, and it should happen under normal riding, but my ancient Hopes were absolutely useless until I'd bedded in the fresh pads.
Basically just ride along at a decent clip, preferably down a hill, and drag the brakes. Don't just yank them and come to a dead stop.
With new SLX braks all assembled straight out of a box, had a good mechanic trim hoses down for me already. Bought TRP rotors with little black diagonal strips across the pad face. Somebody explain what ‘bedding in’ pads actually is? Have already ridden the bike up and down the road to check fit, fix rattles & adjust derailers etc, that’s all. Front is a bit ... scrapy feeling. I’m finding it slightly feels through bike a bit like fingernails on a blackboard - i.e. upsets my spectrumy sensitivity to noises and touched vibrations.