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Not sure about the vac-bagging and resin infusion side of things, but I've used a similar technique with wet lay carbon around a foam buck. You'll need some barrier between the carbon and the foam otherwise the foam will absorb the resin. Packing tape makes a good barrier and has the advantage that it works as a release agent so you can remove the foam by just cutting it up and then removing the tape without having to dissolve out the foam.
Boring old vans to one side, if I want to make some complex shapes (three trumpets to a plenum) is a good technique to use to carve a block of foam into a slightly undersize version of the form that I want, then wrap that in CF fabric, bag it and pull a vacuum to draw the resin through, then use acetone to melt the foam out?