What camera do I buy? / general gear talk

The RX100 will shoot RAW and jpg simultaneously. The only issue is storage space.

Depends on the mistake.

Also, as @aggi says, shoot raw+jpg. Take an extra card or three and remember the old reportage photographer trick of putting the rolls of film in your socks - swap cards frequently and hide one in your sock or another difficult-to-lose location. If your card corrupts, is stolen, etc, you won’t have lost all your photos thus far.

Say I go on this trip having not learned to process, shooting RAW is gonna give me more scope to fix mistakes in the future, right?

Yes.

'Learning to process' probably bigs it up too much. It's not rocket surgery (Photoshop epics for advertising excepted).