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  • If he goes through this process of trying to replicate under lab conditions, is any number over 1000 good enough, or does he need to replicate the exact results from the test?

    I expect he will bring expert witness testimony in the field of pharmacokinetics to explain that 1200ng/ml in lab conditions is essentially the same as 2000ng/ml on race day, given the natural variability of physiological processes. It will be for the jury to decide whether they believe that. At the very least, he can add to the already existing evidence that 1000ng/ml can be exceeded by using permitted doses, and throw further doubt over the validity of the threshold.

  • That doesn't seem like a convincing argument.

    It's not you he has to convince :)

    While the Swiss study was technically doping (900μg in a 12h period, compared with the WADA limit of 800μg), it showed two things which are relevant, first a high of over 3000ng/ml in urine, and second the extreme sensitivity of urinary concentration to time. Taken together, they make determining the total dose taken from a single urine test look more like a coin toss than actual science.

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