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I just don't understand how the trigger can be half what his sample contained and it's a grey area
How is this hard to understand? He needs to explain why his sample was any number over 1000, it doesn't matter if it's 1001 or 10000. If he can't satisfy the anti-doping authority that his number was consistent with permitted doses, his adverse analytical finding turns into an anti-doping rule violation. It might seem like an imperfect regulation, but it's what we have because the knowledge of pharmacokinetics is also imperfect - when you're trying to measure how much somebody took by how much they excrete, you're in a grey area because the relation between the two is only known at a population level, not for any particular individual.
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He needs to explain why his sample was any number over 1000, it doesn't matter if it's 1001 or 10000.
I think the point that @GoatandTricycle is making though is that Froome isn't trying to explain away an extra 0.1%, he had double the permitted amount in his piss.
Easier to explain away a smaller excess surely but yeah, same punishment if he can't.
And actually, would it be the same punishment? The anti-doping authority wouldn't alter the sanction based on the amount of excess?
Yes the trigger.
I just don't understand how the trigger can be half what his sample contained and it's a grey area. Seems like poor regulation