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What is the difference between front and rear rim brake calipers? Is it just that the bolt is longer at the front to go through the fork - if so, presume a rear can be used at the front if the nut is long enough to engage the threads?
For the majority of calipers out there, yes, and so a very long nut would do the job. One thing to account for is the orientation of the brake pad holders. they'll be the wrong way around :)
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a very long nut would do the job
As long as it doesn't bottom out in the 8mm bore, which it will in some forks, i.e. the centre bolt of a rear caliper will not go far enough through the 6mm bored section to provide proper thread engagement. Steel forks and hybrids with cabon blades bonded to metal crowns are generally OK, full carbon ones not so much.
What is the difference between front and rear rim brake calipers? Is it just that the bolt is longer at the front to go through the fork - if so, presume a rear can be used at the front if the nut is long enough to engage the threads?