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IIRC, the various Scandinavian studies have always been hesitant to claim cause/effect, and instead talks of finding a link.
This Swdish one for example:
" Researchers noted no minimum distance or time requirement, but they were clear that the results were observational. There is no strict cause-and-effect relationship between commuter biking and cardiovascular health. "There's also a huge Danish one, but struggle to find it right now.
Isn't there a bit of a cause vs correlation issue with this?