Kneading isn't strictly necessary with the right kind of process. Common to many methods is to make a sponge or levain to get the starter nice and active, then later mix up your dough and leave it to autolyse over a few hours, maybe with some stretch and folding, to develop the gluten without much kneading, which would otherwise be difficult with quite wet dough.
the levain is the part I was missing. The problem is it's been so hot recently I've not been able to make any test loaves because they're going mouldy in a few days.
Kneading isn't strictly necessary with the right kind of process. Common to many methods is to make a sponge or levain to get the starter nice and active, then later mix up your dough and leave it to autolyse over a few hours, maybe with some stretch and folding, to develop the gluten without much kneading, which would otherwise be difficult with quite wet dough.