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It's hard. In the past I've written vba that gradually hard codes (paste special -> values) columns (or row, whatever) of the used range, one by one. After each hardcode, recalculate with a timer around it and time all the sections. Use something like Ken Getz's stopwatch class from the VBA Developers Handbook to time it.
You can kind of pinpoint which area is the slow one, then analyse that area / formula in more detail. It gets you close, but it's not great and quite a bit of work.
Would this help?
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/office/ff700515(v=office.14).aspx
It looks like you could time different parts of your calculations using the stuff in there.