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Having done both (athletics one to a much higher level) I'd say it's down to the increased impact forces and range of movement involved with track sprinting.
Also remember that track athletes are much stronger/more powerful, exerting higher forces into those impacts. That and the larger "travel" for movements probably all combines for many more injuries...
...But then a cyclist crashes and breaks their collar bone for the 29th time and the time out is all level
Weird general question: why do you rarely see sprinters "pull up" like running sprinters because they've pulled something?
I'd think that would happen more often when going at full tilt, perhaps.
I welcome your thoughts.