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Sorry for the naivety but why is straight through better?
Sheldon's reasons as linked by @Scilly.Suffolk are correct, let me know if you want them explained, or think about it for yourself in terms of which way the chains are trying to pull the BB shells out of alignment and how the drive torque gets from the pilot's cranks to the wheel.
Stoker stem problem is easy to solve, just use a normal 28.6 stem and a shim.
Yes, the pedal axles have probably been switched to make non-tandem cranks into a crossover drive. If you're only using one chainring for final drive, you might as well change to straight through for the timing chain, because it's better in every way. You can't reverse tap the cranks, you'll be cutting away more than half the remaining metal
I've got 105 (BR-5700) brakes on mine, they're decent enough. If I ever switch to aero brakes, I'll probably go with Magura hydraulics.