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Supposedly improves stiffness and eliminates vibrations. I think bianchi used it in some of their frames.
Issue after a while it shrinks, loosing all those advantages, and can also accumulate water and limit its evaporation causing rust in steel frames.
I guess not much of an issue if you were a keirin rider cause it probably wouldn't survive long enough for that to happen.
(I think)
it is an omamori. On the nag it stands for traffic safety. As far as i know they're pretty common and can be picked up in temples in Japan.
The samson was blacklisted as one of the keirin riders filled it with expanding foam to improve stiffness. Quite an interesting story behind it.