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Bearing Outside Diameter = 40.95mm
Your beat-up caliper is a bit off, the bearings are 41.0mm :-)
The bearing is sitting a long way out of the frame, you need to measure to the top of the split collet which will add 1-2mm to the total height. That means that if you use a stock 45mm diameter by 2mm deep cover, there will be a largish gap from the rim of the cover to the top of the head tube. You can either live with that, or put your name on the list for custom depths, which are unlikely to be delivered much before Christmas at best.
Steerer = 1 1/8"
Outside Diameter of existing top cap = 45.21mm
Bearing Outside Diameter = 40.95mm
Bearing Stack height outside of frame = 2.58mm
Sound about right?